Hello @sergey_petrov and welcome to the forum!
Your original Windows issue has extensive information on the Internet, so please also check beyond here.
For the Duplicati solution involving –vss-exclude-writers, use 5382579c-98df-47a7-ac6c-98a6d7106e09 instead of the one used in the issue (which involved a different writer, so used a different GUID to exclude).
Remote Desktop Services (Terminal Services) Gateway VSS Writer says what you’re not backing up now. You could look at it to see if you care, and if you’d even be backing up the data if VSS was working better…
Volume Shadow Copy Service error: Unexpected error calling routine RegOpenKeyExW (on all 2012 R2 servers with AD DS and DHCP) is one of a large number of articles about fixing problems similar to yours. Probably before changing things you can look at your VssAccessControl and see if it looks possibly wrong.
Was the initial not meant to be now? For continuing VSS errors, please also check you excluded the class.
As for what sounds like your remaining error with the bug report, that’s probably Duplicati’s new bug below:
V2.0.4.14: Create-Report fails
The bug report you’re making is just a sanitized dump of the local database, and I’m not sure why VSS got involved. The SQL error was possibly introduced in a recent change to database code for canary recently:
*broken* Release: 2.0.4.13 (canary) 2019-01-29
Changed the internal storage of paths to use a prefix method. This should reduce the size of the database significantly and enable much faster database queries later on
would you be willing to file an issue so it can be tracked, preferably after the rest of the backup is working?