Database or Disk Full

A little unclear, even with the added explanation. By global TMP, do you mean you did it like:

Windows Temporary Files – Everything you want to know by using an environment variable?

I don’t know if you have a Linux system, but looking at that would show that it says:

EnvironmentFile=-/etc/default/duplicati

which is where you can put variables for Duplicati. Windows may lack an easy way.
Harder ways seem possible using the registry. Maybe you can set this widely using:

How to see Names and Values of Environment Variables in Windows 11/10
Create Environment Variable in Windows 10
etc. and hope that your TMPDIR variable conflicts with no other program uses, BUT

tempdir

Duplicati will use the system default temporary folder. This option can be used to supply an alternative folder for temporary storage. Note that SQLite will always put temporary files in the system default temporary folder.
Consider using the TMPDIR environment variable on Linux to set the temporary folder for both Duplicati and SQLite.

which (by omission) does not sound great for Windows, if the goal is to also move SQLite files,
however Duplicati’s non-SQLite files can easily be moved just by providing its advanced option.

Temporary File Storage Locations is the SQLite manual statement on where it keeps temp files.

Do you know what you’re trying to do? Maybe you’re not that far yet, just want to stop problems. Describing the actual problem might help. There are certainly some other ways to configure this.

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